- Communicative Objective: Develop the ability to calibrate claims carefully by expressing certainty, probability, doubt, limitation, and caution in advanced academic and professional communication.
- 5 Core Functional Sentences:
- There is considerable evidence to suggest that the policy has contributed to the decline, although a direct causal relationship remains difficult to establish.
- It would be premature to conclude that the trend is permanent on the basis of such limited data.
- The results appear to be broadly consistent with previous findings, albeit with several notable exceptions.
- We cannot rule out the possibility that external factors may have influenced the outcome.
- At this stage, the most that can reasonably be said is that the intervention is associated with a measurable improvement.
- Grammar Focus: Epistemic modality, impersonal constructions, hedging, concessive structures with albeit, passive reporting, and cautious inferential language.
- Vocabulary Focus: causal, premature, notable, intervention, measurable
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Expressing Degrees of Certainty and Caution
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